June 13 has long been a date marked by significant events that have rippled through the fabric of history. One of the most consequential moments in global history on this day occurred in 323 BC, when the death of Alexander the Great was reported. Though the exact date of his death is sometimes debated, some sources place it around mid-June. Alexander's passing marked the beginning of the Hellenistic era, a period that spread Greek culture across three continents and shaped civilizations for centuries to come. His empire, stretching from Greece to Egypt and into northwest India, was one of the largest in ancient history, and his military strategies are still studied today. In the realm of science and exploration, June 13, 1633, stands out when the famous astronomer Galileo Galilei was forced by the Roman Catholic Inquisition to recant his support for the heliocentric theory—that the Earth revolves around the Sun. This trial underscored the tension between scientific inquiry an
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